Стэнли Чен — Книга 2: Красноречивые слова о сути океана высшего знания (Гьялцаб Чже о «Своде высшего знания» — Абхидхарма-самуччае), занятие 8

[Говорящий 1]
It will appear that our Chinese translator can probably rest right after I'm done talking. So stay tuned for class and thank you all again for joining. Hold the trigger whenever you're ready, Marina.

Yeah, thank you. In my mind, I have two nicknames for them. The young Abhidhamma and the old Abhidhamma.

No, the younger Abhidhamma and the older Abhidhamma. No, small Abhidhamma and big Abhidhamma. So small Abhidhamma is by Master Vasubandhu, the younger brother.

And then it belongs to the first school, Abhidhamma school. But this big Abhidhamma is by his older brother, Arya Sangha. And then the second one, the big Abhidhamma, is written by Master Vasubandhu, the younger brother.

It belongs to the Vaishnava school, the Abhidhamma of the Great Sage. Mahayana Abhidhamma from Dunhuang cave. So we will get right into it.

We cannot show my mind map right now, so I'm going to just talk about it. Because I cannot show my mind map, so I'm going to just talk about it. Actually, I prepared a mind map for you all.

Do you want to let them show their minds first? Let them dance first. So, anyway, it's very cool because the older brother Arya Sangha is quoting his younger brother about five steps of explaining any classics.

So it seems like they two have a very special and sweet relationship. So in this big Abhidhamma, Arya Sangha said, we will explain this classic in five steps. Number one, we're going to talk about the goal of this book.

In Chinese, it's like this. Oh, I wake up a lot of students. I also wake up.

I also wake up. So the first one is the goal. So the second one is the summary of important points.

The third one is the meaning of the words. The third one is the meaning of the words. And then we're going to talk about the fourth one is how different parts of the book relate to each other.

And then the last one is called argument and response. So we finished this in the last few classes. I believe we will still be talking about this in this class.

我相信接下来今天这一节课我们会接着探讨这些内容。 Yeah, so you can try to see which one of the five that we are talking about today. And these five have their coherent relationship to each other.

这五部分内在也有它们的一些关联。 比如说当你去讲这本书的目标是什么,那学生可能会更多地去尊重这一本书。 那他们就想知道这本书到底讲什么。

那你就可以告诉这本书的概要。 然后再给它延展看来讲具益。 那我们就可以更深入来讲这些书里的不同的部分,它们内在的逻辑观点又是什么。

这一部分就是选取一些难点来谈论。 这个就是无助大师他采用的一个为任何书写的方式。 抱歉,这是世卿大师他采取的,任何书写论识时他都采取这一个策略。

他还写了一本书叫《是鬼论》。 这本书就在讲讲他写论识时所采取的策略。 我觉得你学会了这一点,未来就可以自己去写书了。

就我们任何一个人都可以参照这个来写。 比如说你未来喜欢的话,你可以去为金刚经书写自己的注解。 25年前当格西老师写的,就金刚经在商业中的运用写的这本书。

他采用的是结合他真实的生命故事来写。 我们是鼓励CSP同学这样做的。 好,这就是我的复习。

是这样吗? 好,很好。 我会先让翻译先,Stanley要读,然后我们之后会让别人来读。

DUNG PHYI ZIG TU MED RTONG PA MIN GYI RNAMS RANG THANG RTOG LDAN RGYAL ZHES THANG DRANG THANG RGYAL BA'I ZHES BA'I YER BA'I LTUNG PA LA BU'O LTUNG PA LA BU'O 我们刚刚有讲到为这些经典注论或者注释的方式。 有些人们会运用来写论的工具。 其实我们之前上一堂课,刚刚讲完了很难的一部分。

刚刚上一部分就讲到四清大师注论的方法论里面的第三部分。 尤其在古代,当你写一本论的时候, 你要对同一个词可能同时表达出了多种不同的意思, 要很敏感地捕捉得到。 所以上一堂课当中,无数大师就举了一个例子。

比如说,这些经典是最初从梵文翻译成藏文。 因为到现在为止,98%的梵文经典已经没了。 就有一些侵略者去到了印度。

一开始是这些波斯人。 之后就来了一些英国人,还有一些美国人也来了。 他们把大量的印度的文化都摧毁了。

就包括大量的这些古经典、古迹。 恰好在那之前,被侵略之前, 刚刚完成了一个上千年的翻译工程。 所以在那之前,刚好完成了大概有35万页的 从梵文到藏文的翻译。

而且刚翻译完,所有这些梵文就被摧毁了,就消失了。 所以John Brady其中的一位重大的贡献,成就就是 他们找到了这35万页的经典。 然后花了整整15年的时间去录入,一个字一个字录入。

大概在2005年的时候,就全部录入完成了。 所以很幸运,我们把他们保护下来了。 这里就谈到一个词叫 PHUNG PO 这个词就是韵的意思,身体的五韵或者身体的五个部分。

无助大师,证者无助就说,你看 PHUNG PO 韵这个词其实是很多层意思的,很容易搞混的。 它对应的梵文词叫 SKANDHA SKANDHA指的是一个人的五个部分。 但很不幸的是 那个梵文词 SKANDHA,就是韵,其实有很多不同的意思。

它可以指的是军队 或者是肩膀 或者是脸 就像是脸,也有脸的意思。 也可以指的是某些部分。 还有一种就是我跟John所不能做的,弹自己发的方式,这个我们已经做不了了。

所以我们在读的是一部翻译。 就是当这些原文、梵文翻译成藏文之后 这些双关语或者多层意思就完全体现不出来了。 所以当你在翻接书的时候,你梵文、藏文都得懂这两个原始语言。

所以上一堂课刚刚讲完了,这种案例就是一个词可以有多重含义的。 一个词多个意思。 那相反的是什么?

多个词多个含义。 对,多个词多个含义。 相反的一种情况就是说,同样的意思却可以用多个不同的词来表达。

所以这里讲的意思是说,要想真的弄懂这一本讲到了涵盖全宇宙内容的书 你要去真正理解到表达事物的多种方式。 顺便一提,佛陀在他一生当中有三大教学。 第一大时期是很简单的内容。

跟现代的科学是非常相似的。 比如说,化学里面讲到说有108个化学元素,每一个元素可以分为五部分等等,就是很多这些清单。 但是当之后那些学生已经有足够多的理解之后,有足够强大的心力之后。

然后佛陀就问他们说,你们准备好要到第二层去了吗? 他们说准备好了。 然后大家就说,你说啥?

First, you talk about all the things in the world, now you say they don't exist. Then he talked like that for ten, fifteen years, more. Basically, that's all the Boroboromido books.

Then when he got older, the student asked him, first you taught very basic, you know, all the categories of things like scientists. Then later, maybe you fell on your head, you start to say nothing, everything non-existent. Then in the second period, you said you fell on your head, you start to say nothing, everything non-existent.

Then the student asked him, which one is correct? Then his answer was actually a little bit mixed. And that became the Minoan school.

So the book which Stan is translating, it's very unusual. One brother, the younger brother, is the main guy from the first teaching period. Then the second older brother is kind of like the main guy from the second teaching period.

Second? Yes. Then in the third teaching period, they kind of mix.

Okay, so here's the next suggestion about writing a book. What's dun chik, Stanley, dun chik? Meaning of the word?

One meaning. You show it, dunpa show. With many chik.

Many words? Yeah, with many different words. Corny, John, what do we call that in English?

One meaning, many words. Different words have the same meaning. Synonyms.

Yeah, synonyms. Yeah, so in Tibetan it's called name matches. A great writer should know many synonyms.

It makes the writing more interesting. Then he said a great writer should know dor ten and they should know geshe. Unfortunately, Geshe-la only learned one of these.

Okay, dor ten comes from the word do. Do means sutra. But the ancient meaning of the word is short book.

Not all sutras were taught by Buddha. If it's a short ancient book, we can call sutra. Hundred dollars.

Where does the word sutra come from? You decide. There's not much choice.

What is that? Sutra is what Buddha taught. That's the meaning, but what is the word for it?

Once I heard. No. She said string.

Yeah, string. Or sewing. The English word is sew.

It means sewing. In the old days, the sutra written on the palm leaf. And there's no pen.

They will use a needle. And they will scratch the letter on the palm leaf. Then they take charcoal.

And those books last a long time. Like over a thousand years. Why?

The paper tastes really bad to the insects. They don't like the palm leaf taste. But there's no binding.

Like here. Holder. Yeah, there's no binding.

So they will drill a hole through the palm leaf. And they will take a string and they will tie it. So sutra means, literal meaning, held together with a string.

And I think in the Chinese character you have this radical for fabric. That's the thread part. So he said, dor ten means brief presentation.

dor ten means brief presentation. Then gyepa means... Extensive.

Yeah, spread out. Like Buddha, when he did Borobudur Maitreya, he has one book which is a hundred thousand verses. I think it's sixteen thousand pages.

Then Heart Sutra is like three pages. Dor ten geshe. Brief presentation, long presentation.

Then chang means counting. Chang means counting. And if you know the ancient books, they love to count things.

If you want to learn it, you can come to my house for momo.

[Говорящий 2]
Dim sum.

[Говорящий 1]
In Tibet, when you serve dim sum, you give one to the guest. Then they eat it. Then you say, you have to eat another one.

Why? Too rare. Then they eat the second one.

Oh, you have to have another one. Why? Three jewels.

Oh, you have to eat another one. For truth. Okay.

Then they finish. Five paths. Six perfections.

Seven jewels. Eight parts of sutra. Nine levels.

Ten bodhisattva's levels. Eleven kinds of knowledge. Twelve links of the Wheel of Life.

Then they're like, ah. Okay, you can learn this way. That's called chang.

How much number? Selwa, it usually means clear. But we had it in Ben's text.

The ancient, ancient meaning is the new number. The members of a set. Part of a set.

The part of the set. The set and the set. Those are just examples.

Now he finished some details about writing ancient books. Asanga is following the divisions of Vasubandhu. For a hundred dollars.

Tell me why that's unusual. For a hundred dollars. A hundred.

Okay, Jiaxin. If Jiaxin didn't get it right, it's Karen. I'll take a guess.

I'll take a guess. Okay, perfect. I'll summarize it.

Basically, she's saying that it's unusual because at the beginning, Master Vasubandhu started as a Hinayana, and then he even criticized Mahayana. But later he confessed and tried to cut his tongue off. So his brother, Asanga, stopped him and asked him to follow Mahayana.

So it's kind of unusual because we are now mixing the first period of teaching and the second into Maidonee school. A hundred bucks. Thank you.

But also in India, the older brother will never follow the younger brother. But in this case, he's following. Please read, Stanley.

Jarwa? Jarwani. Jarwani, okay.

[Говорящий 2]
Samjarwani.

[Говорящий 1]
Samjarwa has two meanings. In English, we say composition. But what did Sam mean at Diamond Mountain?

Yeah, it's the border of the retreat. When you do retreat, you promise not to go outside the mind. That line is called sam.

And then later, the word changed to mean retreat. So samjarwa means to bring the line together. And it means generally writing books, composition.

This is the fourth category. I put in the board, I repeated Master Vasubandhu's list. So, number four is samjarwa.

It's samjarwa. Okay, and here's the description of samjarwa. The description of samjarwa.

Do you want to take people to read? If we can give them a microphone. Okay, good.

Microphone. Xiaoping, you want to start? Come back.

Come on, we'll come back to you. Okay, okay. He said the British will want to hug.

Nice, nice. So this is kind of the definition of samjarwa. I'll ask you guys a question.

What's the definition of the color red? Very difficult question. What's the definition of the color white?

Okay, in ancient times, it's a very difficult question. If there's a blind person, and they ask you what is white, you cannot just ... there's no definition you can tell them.

But every object should have a definition. So, in ancient times, with colors, they invented a way to define it. Okay, Stanley, ask me what's the definition of white.

No, definition. Anything you can point to as white. Definition of white.

The definition of color has to be your personal experience. What is white? This is white.

When your mom taught you, she had to just show you. White. White.

White. White. Okay, so suksu yupa.

How do you define physical matter? Anything that's physical. And it's not a stupid definition.

How else are you going to ... I mean, in the modern world, you can define the wavelength of the light. But in ancient times, it's suksu yupa sukyi tsingyi.

Anything which exists as physical matter is physical matter. Then he said, when you think about pointing to physical matter as physical matter, there's a number ni. What's that?

Ni is a number. One. Two.

Two kinds. Two kinds of physical matter. So suksu yupa, that thing which exists as physical matter, has two kinds.

Now, here's an interesting problem. It says suksu yu yu. Then one of grandpa's jobs.

I have to ... So, nobody much care about it for a thousand years or two thousand years. But if I find a small mistake in an ancient book, I like to fix it.

Then I have John Brady's database. He finished a total 12 million pages. And I can search the database in ...

I can search millions of pages in two seconds. So, I said, boy, this doesn't sound right. So, I checked it.

The wood carving says yu yu. But it's a quotation of a more ancient quotation. It feels wrong to me.

I check, check, check, check. That's why I don't come to class before 11 a.m. Nobody else in the world can check in. Nobody can check in.

Don't try to give me work before 11 a.m. I will kill you. My job. And I do about five hours a day.

I start exactly six o'clock. So, this is wrong. And this has been wrong for about 600 years.

And I have John Brady's version from 1,700 years. Yeah. When he does something good, his wife goes like this.

Just now, just now she did. That's what happened. He did too many good things.

Okay. So, anyway, I fixed it. Okay.

Then he says there's two kinds of physical form. There's this kind and this kind. And we have to join them together.

Compose. Composition. Okay?

The line. Okay. He's giving an example.

Of composition. Which is his little brother's category number four out of five. Okay.

Who's going to read then? JB, you want to try? No.

Juan, Juan.

[Говорящий 2]
Hustle's great. Okay.

[Говорящий 1]
Hustle. Hustle. I tell you a story about Juan Hustle.

One time I met two young-ish's. And I said, hey, let's have a debate. And they debate Juan Hustle.

Can I say... Is it okay if I say a bad word? He said...

He kicked their ass. Yeah.

[Говорящий 2]
I did. Here it goes.

[Говорящий 1]
Okay. It's long. I'm sorry.

Okay. It's a bit long.

[Говорящий 2]
Okay.

[Говорящий 1]
How can you confirm that it's physical? Look. Physical.

Okay. We call touching. Confirmed by touching.

REG PAS means confirmed by touching. Then there's you. So you can confirm something is physical with touching it.

Or you can examine the object. You know, you can think about it. We'll talk about it.

These are the two ways to confirm that something is physical. And if you know those two ways, they are comprehensive. There's nothing else.

Every kind of physical thing is one or the other. So, one important tool in writing ancient book is to give all the different categories of one thing. Hey, how many kinds of physical things?

There's some you can confirm with your hands. And some you have to think about. For $500.

Everybody wake up. Is the Wu or the Bai? Now I forgot the question.

Two ways to confirm. We had this in the DSEU class. We had what?

Sorry. We had, my bet, it was in the DSEU class. But I don't remember.

Yeah, there's things you can confirm by touching. Oh, yeah. I gave you a special kind of physical matter.

In the class. It's very unusual. And there are two divisions of it.

And I gave it to you in the DSEU class. $500. Special physical form.

Very unusual. Very unusual. Just try.

Empty space. What was the subject of the last class? What was the class subject?

I mean, it was a long time ago. Inner eyes. We were studying ethics.

I gave you a clue. Shame and consideration. Okay, can't wait.

The invisible chi or wind inside your body. You are getting close. We say close, but no you got it.

Peach tree seed and the peach tree. No, no, no. Okay, now we go to the ...

Oh, we got one more. The magnetic field. No.

Tina has a guess. The vows. You're getting there.

What vows? She also forgot. Ten good seeds, right?

Ten good seeds.

[Говорящий 2]
Who said aura?

[Говорящий 1]
Somebody said aura. Who said aura? Oh, JB.

All right. JB gave a $200 answer. Yeah.

Okay, there's one kind of physical form. Can he get it? Yeah.

You want to try? When you take a vow, I promise not to kill any living thing. This physical form is visible.

You can touch it. Okay. Then the person finished the vow ceremony.

Go home. Do they still have the vow? Yeah.

And we say in Abhidharma, we say it's a kind of aura. This one you can see. This one you can touch.

The other one you have to imagine. Oh, John has Bodhisattva vow. Must be many years ago he held his hands like this.

That physical form you can confirm with your fingers. This one with your mind. Okay, you cannot see it, you cannot touch it.

And those two are comprehensive. If you put them together, there's no more. That's samjhara.

Okay, cool. If you touch something with your hand and it feels physical, it fits the definition of physical matter. Which is, you can point to it as physical.

Okay, and then, NGA MA RGYUD PAR BYED PA GRUB PA'I TSAMS SBYAR BA ZHES ZHES PAR BYED PA So those are the two kinds of physical form. Then our author, who is a student of Tsongkapa, he wrote this book 600 years ago. He says, who's going to read, Tim?

Tim? Mr. Tim? Young.

Please read. I can't read this. The mic is on and off, so don't worry.

SBYAR BA ZHES ZHES PAR BYED PA GRUB PA'I TSAMS SBYAR BA ZHES ZHES PAR BYED PA GRUB PA'I TSAMS SBYAR BA ZHES ZHES PAR BYED PA Yeah, the younger brother. He said, that's not exactly what TSAMS SBYAR BA means. He says, I want to emphasize NGA PHYI BRAL BA.

He says, I want to emphasize NGA PHYI BRAL BA. It's not the physical joining of the border. Over time.

This happened first, then this happened. He wants to connect time past and future. Older brother.

Left, right. Younger brother. Past, future.

He wants to join it this way. It's very beautiful. NGA PHYI BRAL BA'I TSAMS SBYAR BA NGA PHYI BRAL BA'I TSAMS SBYAR BA YOD BA LA BYED LA GRANGS NAS ZHES PA LTA BU GRANGS NAS means, it doesn't mean CHANG NAS interpretation.

It doesn't mean that. And when you see a note inside of brackets, Geshe-la made the note to himself. This is not D-R-N-H.

This is G-R-A-N-G. GRANGS with a D means you have to interpret it. GRANGS with a G means it's a number.

Like Sankhya Yoga School is called GRANGS CAN, the numberists. So here, GRANGS NAS means definite number. Watch.

Physical you can touch it, physical you cannot touch it. Past, present, future. Three, only three.

In the space, you can touch it, you cannot touch it. In the time, past, present, future. Three, definite number.

That's called SAM BYAR BA, comprehensive division. KHOR BAS MNGES PA'I RGYU BRTZEN means also you can discuss why one has to come after the other. The older brother says composition means two things in the present time.

I think the younger brother is a little bit pain in the ass. Don't forget past, present and future. Older brother says, yeah, yeah.

I'm the older brother, he's the younger brother. All right. How much?

Are we supposed to stop? Two minutes, basically. What?

Two minutes. Two minutes, okay, good. Let's keep going.

Can you read? I'll read, yeah. Yeah, Vasubandhu's fifth category is called GAL LEN.

And it has many spellings and it has many different meanings. Generally, this spelling means to cross over a dangerous thing like to go from Los Angeles to Kyoto. But sometimes it can mean how to give a reply to an objection.

So, if you're going to write a book about these deep subjects, you have to be able to address objections. And I don't see why that's true. Then you have to explain.

So, all the ancient great writers are also debaters. And it's important to be able to give a good response to an objection. So, Stanley's going to read this paragraph very quickly.

In 13 seconds. Twelve. Good.

Good, okay, good. DNGOS SU DAM BYA DAM BYA means to state your beliefs. DAM BYA means to state your position.

The Geshe qualification debates are called DAM BYA. And they are always public. Mine was 1,500 people came.

That's why my second name in the monastery is Pig Pig. Pig Pig means jelly. Then when you go like this, it goes like this.

When I'm in DAM BYA, my legs are like this. Then they say, hey, hey jelly. They don't call me.

I'll tell you a secret. They don't call me Geshe Michael. Hey jelly legs.

I'm so scared. I'm shaking. Okay, so anyway.

DAM BYA means to give your position. Even if you don't have a clear position, there must be some reasoning inside that you are thinking about. That's the biggest thing.

And all the time, a great writer is thinking how to answer a question of the reader. So NYEN PA PO means the listener or the reader. This LEN means to give an answer.

DEB is the verb to give an answer. So the author is often thinking, right now I think the reader will doubt, so I better have a ready position. Then DUN YER means aspire.

But it means a great writer is hungry to anticipate the future. He wants to be a great writer. He wants to answer the student's question before the student knows the question.

It's a great writer's skill to think of what question the reader will ask before the reader knows the question. And that here is called GAL LEN. So GAL LEN here means like a response.

The great writer is anticipating objections and preparing responses before the reader knows they have the objections. How does Geshe-la answer questions so fast? I'm waiting for that question for three minutes.

Are they? All right. All right.

[Говорящий 2]
I'm finished?

[Говорящий 1]
I'm almost finished. I'm finished, Amelie. Hi, everybody.

Thank you so much. There's Amelie to say hello as well. Hi.

She got dressed up just for you guys.

[Говорящий 2]
No.

[Говорящий 1]
No.

[Говорящий 2]
I did not know that you were going to have a meeting.

[Говорящий 1]
You didn't know?

[Говорящий 2]
Yes.

[Говорящий 1]
Today's her half birthday. She's four and a half. Big girl.

Are you going to get ice cream tonight? Everyone loves ice cream. But especially Amelie.

Yes, she looks so much like Aaron. It's true. They're like twins.

I think Ezra is coming. Hold on. Oh, there he is.

Hey, Ezra. They're best buds. All right.

Well.

[Говорящий 2]
I got bigger today. You did? I'm four and a half now.

[Говорящий 1]
Half birthday. Now it's not her actual birthday.

[Говорящий 2]
Yes.

[Говорящий 1]
Halfway there. So anyway, thank you everybody for coming. That was a really cool class.

A couple of very interesting and amazing classes. You don't want to say goodbye. They're going to go.

We're all going to go. Everyone's going to go. Except Word.

So stick around for Word. And those of you who want to stick around and listen to that. I'm four and a half.

I'm 44 and a half.

[Говорящий 2]
I want to tell Ezra that I'm four and a half.

[Говорящий 1]
Okay, tell him quick. Otherwise, we'll have to make a special phone call to tell him.

[Говорящий 2]
I don't know.

[Говорящий 1]
Go ahead and tell everybody.

[Говорящий 2]
But Ezra's not there.

[Говорящий 1]
Oh, well. We'll give him a call. Oh, there he is.

[Говорящий 2]
I'm four and a half.

[Говорящий 1]
Thank you. Thank you for the encouragement, Ezra. All right.

Bye, everybody.

[Говорящий 2]
What's Ezra doing?

[Говорящий 1]
We'll talk to him soon. Thanks, Word. Take it away.

Thanks, Nick. Thanks, Amelie. Thanks, Ezra.

Thanks, Ben. All right.